Seed Processing

• Distribute only if a minimum of four to six times the number of seeds required for one regeneration cycle remain in store after meeting the request. Some flexibility may be allowed in cases where the accession is rarely requested. • When seed quantity is inadequate for distribution, inform the requester that the accessions cannot be supplied until after regeneration, and prepare the accessions for regeneration. • Check the passport data to determine the material’s status in relation to access and benefit-sharing under the International Treaty on PGRFA and other international agreements. If there are restrictions on distribution under the germplasm acquisition agreement (GAA) with the donor (see Annex I), inform the requester accordingly. Step 2: Prepare the sample for distribution If seeds are available for distribution: 1. Register the request by assigning a ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )

request number. 2. Prepare the list of accessions available for distribution. 3. Check the requirements for a material transfer agreement (MTA); if the material cannot be distributed under the SMTA, use a tailored MTA for the selected accessions (see Annex I for more information). 4. Prepare two sets of labels for the selected accessions and paste one of them on the envelopes (preferably of laminated aluminium foil) that will be used for distributing seeds to the requester. 5. Check the inventory file and note the location of the containers in the genebank. 6. Move the containers from the genebank into a dehumidified room the evening before distribution to allow them to warm to room temperature before opening. Ensure absolute accuracy in identification of accessions while drawing the seeds from the genebank. 7. Open the container and quickly draw the required amount of seeds into the labelled envelopes. Use random sampling so that a good representation of the accession is provided. It is suggested that 50–100 viable seeds should be distributed to fill each request, depending on the breeding system of the species (more for cross-pollinating and less for self-( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )

pollinating species). 8. Close the container immediately after removing the seeds for distribution to prevent uptake of moisture from ambient air. 9. For extra security, a second label may be placed inside the envelopes before packets are sealed. 99 Manual of Seed Handling 10. Compare the list of accessions drawn from the genebank with the labels on the envelopes. Step 3: Prepare the information list to accompany the seeds 1. Print the final list, including passport details such as accession number, alternate identity, source country, location and biological status, as well as characterization data used to verify accessions and any information solicited by the requester. 2. Prepare a cover letter. Step 4: Dispatch the seeds 1. Pack the seed envelopes, cover letter, MTA and the seed list in a plastic bag and then in a strong envelope (if there are few samples) or a cardboard ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )

box (use filling material to avoid damage to seeds during transit). Label the envelope or box with the complete address of the requester. The MTA may be pasted on the outside of the envelope in cases where opening the container and using the seeds signifies agreement with the terms and conditions of access. 2. Include a reply form for the requester to complete and return to the genebank to acknowledge that seed samples have been received in good condition. 3. Send the seed parcels by the fastest means, such as by courier, to avoid delays and deterioration of seed quality during transit. If there is any concern that the materials could be lost during shipment, use registered mail or carry by hand if possible. 4. Record the shipment details in the distribution data file. 5. Update the seed inventory by deducting the weight or number of seeds supplied. Distribution of germplasm outside ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )

the country Follow the same procedure for selecting accessions and fulfilling the MTA requirement as described in steps 1 and 2 above. Additional requirements may be needed for distribution of germplasm across borders before moving to steps 3 and 4. These relate to compliance with phytosanitary regulations (see below) to avoid the danger of introducing pests and diseases into new areas. How phytosanitary measures affect seed movement Movement of any seeds can potentially spread pests.12 There are many places around the world where this has already occurred with devastating effects. Recognizing this danger, all countries have 12 The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) defines pests as all harmful and potentially harmful biotic agents, from viroids to weeds. Consignments of germplasm infested with pests or without proper documentation will be ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )

refused entry or destroyed.