Seed Processing

 INOVAMER COMPANY HAS THE BEST IN SEED PROCESSING

• Harvest individual plants within an accession when there are differences in flowering and maturity between plants. • Mix an equal proportion of seeds from different mother plants to avoid maternal effects. • Bags holding harvested seeds or heads should be made of porous material enabling good air circulation for drying. • Options for harvesting depend on the crop: • Harvest plants individually, preferably by hand. If machineharvesting, use purpose-built machinery because commercial machinery cannot be cleaned adequately between regeneration plots. • Harvest infructescences individually by hand. • Initiate seed drying immediately after harvesting to prevent seed deterioration. • If seeds cannot be processed quickly, they should be placed in a temporary holding area in a controlled environment such as an air-conditioned room. ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )Documentation Regeneration is performed as a result of information generated by seed monitoring.

As regeneration methods vary according to 115 Manual of Seed Handling species, the types of descriptors used to record information also vary. The following descriptors will help in documenting the data: • Regeneration site • Collaborator (where applicable) • Plot reference • Sowing date • Germination in the field • Number of plants established • Days from sowing to flowering • Breeding system • Pollination control method used • Harvest date • Number of plants harvested • Quantity of seeds harvested Further reading Ellis, R.H., Hong, T.D. and Roberts, E.H. 1985. Handbook of seed technology for genebanks. Volume 1. Principles and Methodology. Handbooks for Genebanks. No. 2, IBPGR, Rome, Italy. FAO/IPGRI. 1994. Genebank Standards. FAO and IPGRI, Rome, Italy. Sackville Hamilton, N.R. and Chorlton, K.H. 1997. Regeneration of accessions in seed collections: A decision guide. (J. Engels, ed.). Handbook for Genebanks No. 5. IPGRI, Rome, Italy. Thormann, I., Metz, T. and ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )

Engels, J.M. 2004. IPGRI species compendium, Version 1.0, December 2004. IPGRI, Rome, Italy. www.bioversityinternational.org/Themes/Genebanks/Species_ Compendium/default.asp 116 Handbooks for Genebanks No. 8 Table 8.4. Reproductive behaviour and pollination control mechanisms for regeneration of important crops. Crop Species Pollination behaviour (crossing rate) Pollination mechanism Method of regeneration Alfalfa (lucerne) Medicago sativa Mainly CP (84-94%) Insects (tripping) Isolation; screened cages with pollinators Amaranth Amaranthus spp. CP Wind Isolation; bagging Barley Hordeum vulgare SP Black gram Vigna mungo SP Bottle guard Lagenaria siceraria CP; monoecious Insects Bagging and hand-pollination Brown mustard Brassica juncea ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )

Mainly SP (4-14% cross-pollination) Insects Bagging Buck wheat Fagopyrum esculentum CP; self-incompatible Wind Bagging and hand-pollination Buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris CP Wind Isolation; bagging Cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata CP Insects Screened cages with pollinators Carrot Daucus carota CP; protandrous Insects Screened cages with pollinators Castor bean Ricinus communis CP; monoecious Wind Bagging and hand pollination Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Mainly CP Insects Bagging Chickpea Cicer arietinum SP Chicory Cichorium intybus CP; strongly self-incompatible Insects Spatial isolation; Bagging; insect-proof cages Common bean Phaseolus vulgaris Mainly SP; cross-pollination 8-20% Insects Isolation; insect-proof cages; bagging

Cotton Gossypium spp. Mainly SP; natural outcrossing 10-50% Insects Bagging; insect-proof cages Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Mainly SP Crotalaria Crotalaria juncea Mainly SP Cucumber Cucumis sativus CP; monoecious Insects Bagging and hand pollination Eggplant Solanum melongena Partially SP; natural outcrossing up to 48% Insects Isolation; bagging Faba bean Vicia faba Mainly SP; 4-8% outcrossing Insects Isolation; bagging Finger millet Eleusine corocana SP Foxtail millet Setaria italica SP Grass pea Lathyrus sativus SP; significant levels of CP can occur Bagging Hyacinth bean Lablab purpureus Lentil Lens culinaris SP Lettuce Lactuca sativa Mainly SP; natural outcrossing 1-6% Insects Bagging; insect-proof cages Lima bean Phaseolus lunatus Mainly SP (up to 18% natural crossing) Insects Isolation Linseed (flax) Linum usitatissimum Normally SP; natural crossing up to 12% Insects Isolation; bagging Lupin Lupinus spp. Mainly SP; some CP can occur Insects Isolation; insect-proof cages or bagging 117 Manual of Seed Handling Crop Species Pollination behaviour (crossing rate) Pollination mechanism Method of regeneration Maize Zea mays CP; monoecious Wind Bagging ear and hand pollination with pollen pool Mung bean Vigna radiata SP Oat Avena sativa SP Okra Abelmoschus esculentus Partially SP; natural outcrossing 4-19% Insects Isolation; insect-proof cages or bagging Onion Allium cepa Mainly CP; protandrous Insects Screened cages with pollinators Pea Pisum sativum Mainly SP Peanut Arachis hypogaea SP Pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum Mainly CP;

 ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  ) protogynous Wind Bagging; hand-cross with pollen pool Pepper, chilli Capsicum annuum Often CP; heterostyly Insects Bagging Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan Normally SP; natural outcrossing 5-40% Insects Isolation; bagging; insectproof cages Potato Solanum tuberosum Mainly CP Insects Isolation; bagging Pumpkin Cucurbita moschata CP; monoecious Insects Bagging and hand pollination Radish Raphanus sativus CP; strongly self-incompatible Insects Screened cages with pollinators Red clover Trifolium pratense CP; strongly self-incompatible Insects Screened cages with pollinators Rice Oryza sativa SP Rye Secale cereale CP; strongly self-incompatible Wind Bagging and hand-pollination with pollen pool Rye grass Lolium perenne CP Wind Bagging Safflower Carthamus tinctorius SP Sesame Sesamum indicum Mainly SP; cross pollination up to 5% Insects Sorghum Sorghum bicolor Mainly SP; cross-pollination up to 1-50% Wind Isolation; bagging Soya bean Glycine max SP Spinach Spinacea oleracea CP; dioecious Wind Spatial isolation Strawberry Fragaria ananassa Mainly CP Insects Insect-proof cages Sugar beet Beta vulgaris CP; self-incompatible Wind, Insects Spatial isolation, Screened cages with pollinators Sunflower Helianthus annuus Partially CP; protandrous Insects Bagging and hand pollination Sweet clover Melilotus albus SP Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum SP Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Normally SP; some species selfincompatible with moderate to high CP Triticale Triticosecale CP Wind Isolation; bagging Vetch Vicia sativa SP Watermelon Citrullus lanatus CP; ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  ) monoecious Insects Bagging and hand pollination Wheat Triticum aestivum SP SP= Self-pollinating; CP= Cross-pollinating 118 Handbooks for Genebanks No. 8 ANNEX I International policies and frameworks influencing access to and exchange of germplasm Germplasm assemblage and distribution essentially involve movement of seeds across locations or regions. In assembling germplasm, genebanks acquire or import material from germplasm collectors or other suppliers from within and outside the country. Distribution involves exporting seed samples to users worldwide. In addition to the phytosanitary regulations described in Chapters 2 and 7, the following international policies, frameworks and agreements influence the access and exchange of germplasm. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which came into force in December 1993, provided a legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. Prior to the CBD, genetic resources were considered to be the common heritage of humankind and were freely available for use without restrictions. The CBD affirmed national ( Seed Processing, Seed Cleaning, Stone separator, Combo Cleaner, Grading Machine, Gravity Separator  )sovereignty over genetic resources; in Article 15, it provided guidelines for access and use, including fair and equitable sharing of benefits from resource utilization (www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp).